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1 <1> Greetings from Paul, an apostle.[1] I was chosen to be an apostle, but not by any group or person here on earth. My authority came from none other than Jesus Christ and God the Father, who raised Jesus from death. <2> Greetings also from all those in God’s family who are with me.
To the churches[2] in Galatia[3]:
<3> I pray that God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ will be good to you and give you peace. <4> Jesus gave himself for our sins to free us from this evil world we live in. This is what God our Father wanted. <5> The glory[4] belongs to God forever and ever. Amen.[5]
<6> A short time ago God chose you to follow him. He chose you through his grace[6] that came through Christ. But now I am amazed that you are already turning away and believing something different from the Good News[7] we told you. <7> There is no other message that is good news, but some people are confusing you. They want to change the Good News about Christ. <8> We told you the true Good News message. So anyone who tells you a different message should be condemned—even if it’s one of us or even an angel from heaven! <9> I said this before. Now I say it again: You have already accepted the Good News. Anyone who tells you another way to be saved should be condemned!
<10> Now do you think I am trying to make people accept me? No, God is the one I am trying to please. Am I trying to please people? If I wanted to please people, I would not be a servant of Jesus Christ.
<11> Brothers and sisters, I want you to know that the Good News[8] message I told you was not made up by anyone. <12> I did not get my message from any other human. The Good News is not something I learned from other people. Jesus Christ himself gave it to me. He showed me the Good News that I should tell people.
<13> You have heard about my past life in the Jewish religion. I persecuted[9] the church[10] of God very much. I tried to destroy his people. <14> I was becoming a leader in the Jewish religion. I did better than most other Jews my own age. I tried harder than anyone else to follow the traditions we got from our ancestors.[11]
<15> But God had special plans for me even before I was born. So he chose me through his grace.[12] He wanted me <16> to tell the Good News about his Son to the non-Jewish people. So God let me see and learn about his Son. When this happened, I did not get advice or help from anyone. <17> I did not go to Jerusalem to see those who were apostles[13] before I was. But, without waiting, I went away to Arabia. Later, I went back to the city of Damascus.
<18> Three years later I went to Jerusalem to meet Peter.[14] I stayed with him 15 days. <19> I met no other apostles—only James, the brother of the Lord. <20> God knows there is nothing untrue in any of this. <21> Later, I went to the areas of Syria and Cilicia.
<22> The groups of believers[15] in Judea who belong to Christ had never met me before. <23> They had only heard this about me: “This man was persecuting us. But now he is telling people about the same faith that he once tried to destroy.” <24> These believers praised God because of me.
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<1> After 14 years I went back to Jerusalem with Barnabas and took Titus with me. <2> I went there because God showed me that I should go. I explained to them the message[16] that I tell the non-Jewish people. I also met alone with those who were considered to be the leaders. I wanted to be sure we were in agreement so that my past work and the work I do now would not be wasted.
<3> Titus, who was with me, is a Greek.[17] But these leaders still did not force him to be circumcised.[18] <4> We needed to talk about these problems, because some who pretended to be our brothers had come into our group secretly. They came in like spies to find out about the freedom we have in Christ Jesus. They wanted to make us slaves, <5> but we did not agree with anything those false brothers wanted. We wanted the truth of the Good News[19] to continue for you.
<6> Those men who were considered to be important did not change the Good News message I tell people. (It doesn’t matter to me if they were “important” or not. To God everyone is the same.) <7> But these leaders saw that God had given me a special work, the same as Peter. God gave Peter the work of telling the Good News to the Jews. But God gave me the work of telling the Good News to the non-Jewish people. <8> God gave Peter the power to work as an apostle[20] for the Jewish people. God gave me the power to work as an apostle too, but for those who are not Jews. <9> James, Peter, and John seemed to be the leaders. And they saw that God had given me this special gift of ministry, so they accepted Barnabas and me. They said to us, “We agree that you should go to those who are not Jews, and we will go to the Jews.” <10> They asked us to do only one thing—to remember to help those who are poor. And this was something that I really wanted to do.
<11> When Peter came to Antioch, he did something that was not right. I stood against him, because he was wrong. <12> This is what happened: When Peter first came to Antioch, he ate and associated with the non-Jewish people. But when some Jewish men came from James, Peter separated himself from the non-Jews. He stopped eating with them, because he was afraid of the Jews who believe that all non-Jewish people must be circumcised.[21] <13> So Peter was a hypocrite.[22] The other Jewish believers joined with him, so they were hypocrites too. Even Barnabas was influenced by what these Jewish believers did. <14> They were not following the truth of the Good News.[23] When I saw this, I spoke to Peter in front of everyone. I said, “Peter, yo u are a Jew, but you don’t live like one. You live like someone who is not a Jew. So why are you trying to force those who are not Jewish to live like Jews?”
<15> We are Jews by birth. We were not born “sinners,” as we call those who are not Jews. <16> But we know that no one is made right with God by following the law.[24] It is trusting in[25] Jesus Christ that makes a person right with God. So we have put our faith in Christ Jesus, because we wanted to be made right with God. And we are right with him because we trusted in[26] Christ—not because we followed the law. I can say this because no one can be made right with God by following the law.
<17> We Jews came to Christ to be made right with God, so it is clear that we were sinners too. Does this mean that Christ makes us sinners? Of course not. <18> But I would be wrong to begin teaching again those things that I gave up. <19> It was the law itself that caused me to end my life under the law. I died to the law so that I could live for God. I have been nailed to the cross with Christ. <20> So I am not the one living now—it is Christ living in me. I still live in my body, but I live by faith in[27] the Son of God. He is the one who loved me and gave himself to save me. <21> I am not the one destroying the meaning of God’s grace.[28] If following the law is how people are made right with God, then Christ did not have to die.
3 <1> You people in Galatia are so foolish! Why do I say this? Because I told you very clearly about the death of Jesus Christ on the cross. But now it seems as though you have let someone use their magical powers to make you forget. <2> Tell me this one thing: How did you receive the Spirit[29]? Did you receive the Spirit by following the law[30]? No, you received the Spirit because you heard the message about Jesus and believed it. <3> You began your life in Christ with the Spirit. Now do you try to complete it by your own power? That is foolish. <4> You have experienced many things. Were all those experiences wasted? I hope they were not wasted! <5>
Does God give you the Spirit because you follow the law? Does God work miracles[31] among you because you follow the law? No, God gives you his Spirit and works miracles among you because you heard the message about Jesus and believed it.
<6> The Scriptures[32] say the same thing about Abraham.[33] “Abraham believed God, and God accepted Abraham’s faith. That made him right with God.”[34] <7> So you should know that the true children of Abraham are those who have faith. <8> The Scriptures told what would happen in the future. These writings said that God would make the non-Jewish people right through their faith. God told this Good News[35] to Abraham before it happened. God said to Abraham, “I will use you to bless all the people on earth.”[36] <9> Abraham believed this, and because he believed, he was blessed. All people who believe are blessed the s ame as Abraham was.
<10> But people who depend on following the law to make them right are under a curse. As the Scriptures say, “They must do everything that is written in the law. If they do not always obey, they are under a curse.”[37] <11> So it is clear that no one can be made right with God by the law. The Scriptures say, “The one who is right with God by faith will live forever.”[38]
<12> The law does not depend on faith. No, it says that the only way a person will find life by the law is to obey its commands.[39] <13> The law says we are under a curse for not always obeying it. But Christ took away that curse. He changed places with us and put himself under that curse. The Scriptures say, “Anyone who is hung on a tree[40] is under a curse.”[41] <14> Because of what Jesus Christ did, the blessing God promised to Abraham was given to all people. Christ died so that by believing in him we could have the Spirit that God promised.
<15> Brothers and sisters, let me give you an example from everyday life: Think about an agreement that one person makes with another. After that agreement is made official, no one can stop it or add anything to it, and no one can ignore it. <16> God made promises to Abraham[42] and his Descendant.[43] The Scripture[44] does not say, “and to your descendants.” That would mean many people. But it says, “and to your Descendant.” That means only one, and that one is Christ. <17> This is what I mean: The agreement that God gave to Abraham was made official long before the law[45] came. The law came 430 years later. So the law could not take away the agreement and change God’s promise.
<18> Can following the law give us the blessing God promised? If we could receive it by following the law, then it would not be God’s promise that brings it to us. But God freely gave his blessings to Abraham through the promise God made.
<19> So what was the law for? The law was given to show the wrong things people do. The law would continue until the special Descendant of Abraham came. This is the Descendant mentioned in the promise, which came directly from God. But the law was given through angels, and the angels used Moses as a mediator[46] to give the law to the people. <20> But when God gave the promise, there was no mediator, because a mediator is not needed when there is only one side, and God is one.[47]
<21> Does this mean that the law[48] is against God’s promises? Of course not. If there was a law that could give life to people, then we could be made right by following law. <22> But this is not true, because the Scriptures[49] showed that all people are bound by sin. Why did the Scriptures do this? So that the promise would be given to people through faith in[50] Jesus Christ. It is given to those who believe in him.
<23> Before this faith came, the law held us all as prisoners. We had no freedom until God showed us the way of faith that was coming. <24> I mean the law was our master until Christ came. After he came, we could be made right with God through faith. <25> Now the way of faith has come, so we don’t live under the law.
<26-27> You were all baptized[51] into Christ, and so you were all clothed with Christ. This shows that you are all children of God through faith in Christ Jesus. <28> Now, in Christ, it doesn’t matter if you are a Jew or a Greek,[52] a slave or free, male or female. You are all the same in Christ Jesus. <29> You belong to Christ, so you are Abraham’s[53] descendants. You get all of God’s blessings because of the promise that God made to Abraham.
4 <1> This is what I am saying: When young children inherit all that their father owned, they are still no different from his slaves. It doesn’t matter that they own everything. <2> While they are children, they must obey those who are chosen to care for them. But when they reach the age the father set, they are free. <3> It is the same for us. We were once like children, slaves to the useless rules[54] of this world. <4> But when the right time came, God sent his Son, who was born from a woman and lived under the law. <5> God did this so that he could buy the freedom of those who were under the law. God’s purpose was to make us his children.
<6> Since you are now God’s children, he has sent the Spirit of his Son into your hearts. The Spirit[55] cries out, “Abba,[56] Father.” <7> Now you are not slaves like before. You are God’s children, and you will receive everything he promised his children.
<8> In the past you did not know God. You were slaves to gods that were not real. <9> But now you know the true God. Really, though, it is God who knows you. So why do you turn back to the same kind of weak and useless rules you followed before? Do you want to be slaves to those things again? <10-11> It worries me that you follow teachings about special days, months, seasons, and years. I fear that my work for you has been wasted.
<12> Brothers and sisters, I became like you. So please become like me. You were very good to me before. <13> You know that I came to you the first time because I was sick. That was when I told the Good News[57] to you. <14> My sickness was a burden to you, but you did not hate me or make me leave. Instead, you welcomed me as if I were an angel from God. You accepted me as if I were Jesus Christ himself! <15> You were very happy then. Where is that joy now? I can say without a doubt that you would have done anything to help me. If it had been possible, you would have taken out your own eyes and given them to me. <16> Am I now your enemy because I tell you the truth?
<17> Those people[58] are working hard to persuade you, but this is not good for you. They want to persuade you to turn against us and work hard for them. <18> It is good for you to work hard, of course, if it is for something good. That’s something you should do whether I am there or not. <19> My little children, I am in pain again over you, like a mother giving birth. I will feel this pain until people can look at you and see Christ. <20> I wish I could be with you now. Then maybe I could change the way I am talking to you. Now I don’t know what to do about you.
<21> Some of you people want to be under the law.[59] Tell me, do you know what the law says? <22> The Scriptures[60] say that Abraham[61] had two sons. The mother of one son was a slave woman, and the mother of the other son was a free woman. <23> Abraham’s son from the slave woman was born in the normal human way. But the son from the free woman was born because of the promise God made to Abraham.
<24> This true story makes a picture for us. The two women are like the two agreements between God and his people. One agreement is the law that God made on Mount Sinai.[62] The people who are under this agreement are like slaves. The mother named Hagar is like that agreement. <25> So Hagar is like Mount Sinai in Arabia. She is a picture of the earthly Jewish city of Jerusalem. This city is a slave, and all its people are slaves to the law. <26> But the heavenly Jerusalem that is above is like the free woman, who is our mother. <27> The Scriptures say,
“Be happy, woman—you who cannot have children.
Be glad you never gave birth.
Shout and cry with joy!
You never felt those labor pains.
The woman who is alone[63] will have more children
than the woman who has a husband.”
Isaiah 54:1
<28> My brothers and sisters, you are children who were born because of God’s promise, just as Isaac was. <29> But the other son of Abraham, who was born in the normal way, caused trouble for the one who was born by the power of the Spirit.[64] It is the same today. <30> But what do the Scriptures say? “Throw out the slave woman and her son! The son of the free woman will receive everything his father has, but the son of the slave woman will receive nothing.”[65] <31> So, my brothers and sisters, we are not children of the slave woman. We are children of the free woman.
5 <1> We have freedom now, because Christ made us free. So stand strong in that freedom. Don’t go back into slavery again. <2> Listen! I, Paul, tell you that if you start following the law by being circumcised,[66] then Christ cannot help you. <3> Again, I warn everyone: If you allow yourselves to be circumcised, then you must follow the whole law.[67] <4> If you try to be made right with God through the law, your life with Christ is finished—you have left God’s grace.[68] <5> I say this because our hope of being right with God comes through faith. And the Spirit[69] helps us feel sure as we wait for that hope. <6> When someone belongs to Christ Jesus, it is not important if they are circumcised or not. The important thing is faith—the kind of faith that works through love.
<7> You were doing so well. Who caused you to stop following the truth? <8> It certainly wasn’t the one who chose you. <9> Be careful! “Just a little yeast[70] makes the whole batch of dough rise.”[71] <10> I trust in the Lord that you will not believe those different ideas. Someone is trying to confuse you. Whoever it is will be punished.
<11> My brothers and sisters, I don’t teach that a man must be circumcised. If I do teach circumcision, then why am I still being persecuted? If I still taught circumcision, then my message about the cross would not be a problem. <12> I wish those people who are bothering you would add castration[72] to their circumcision.
<13> My brothers and sisters, God chose you to be free. But don’t use your freedom as an excuse to do what pleases your sinful selves. Instead, serve each other with love. <14> The whole law is made complete in this one command: “Love your neighbor[73] the same as you love yourself.”[74] <15> If you continue hurting each other and tearing each other apart, be careful, or you will completely destroy each other.
<16> So I tell you, live the way the Spirit[75] leads you. Then you will not do the evil things your sinful self wants. <17> The sinful self wants what is against the Spirit, and the Spirit wants what is against the sinful self. They are always fighting against each other, so that you don’t do what you really want to do. <18> But if you let the Spirit lead you, you are not under law.[76]
<19> The wrong things the sinful self does are clear: committing sexual sin, being morally bad, doing all kinds of shameful things, <20> worshiping false gods, taking part in witchcraft,[77] hating people, causing trouble, being jealous, angry or selfish, causing people to argue and divide into separate groups, <21> being filled with envy, getting drunk, having wild parties, and doing other things like this. I warn you now as I warned you before: The people who do these things will not have a part in God’s kingdom.[78] <22> But the fruit that the Spirit produces in a person’s life is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, <23> gentleness, and self-control. There is no law against these kinds of things. <24> Those who belong to Christ Jesus have crucified their sinful self. They have given up their old selfish feelings and the evil things they wanted to do. <25> We get our new life from the Spirit, so we should follow the Spirit. <26> We must not feel proud and boast about ourselves. We must not cause trouble for each other or be jealous of each other.
6 <1> Brothers and sisters, someone in your group might do something wrong. You who are following the Spirit[79] should go to the one who is sinning. Help make that person right again, and do it in a gentle way. But be careful, because you might be tempted to sin too. <2> Help each other with your troubles. When you do this, you are obeying the law of Christ. <3> If you think you are too important to do this, you are only fooling yourself. <4> Don’t compare yourself with others. Just look at your own work to see if you have done anything to be proud of. <5> You must each accept the responsibilities that are yours.
<6> Whoever is being taught God’s word should share the good things they have with the one who is teaching them.
<7> Don’t be fooled: You cannot cheat God. You will harvest what you plant.[80] <8> If you live to satisfy your sinful self, the harvest you will get from that will be eternal death. But if you live to please the Spirit,[81] your harvest from the Spirit will be eternal life. <9> We must not get tired of doing good. We will receive our harvest of eternal life at the right time. We must not give up. <10> When we have the opportunity to do good to anyone, we should do it. But we should give special attention to those who are in the family of believers.
<11> This is my own handwriting. You can see how big the letters are. <12> Those men who are trying to force you to be circumcised[82] are only doing it so that their people will accept them. They are afraid they will be persecuted[83] if they follow only the cross[84] of Christ. <13> They are circumcised, but they don’t obey the law[85] themselves. They want you to be circumcised so that they can boast about what they did to you.
<14> I hope I will never boast about things like that. The cross of our Lord Jesus Christ is my only reason for boasting. Through Jesus’ death on the cross the world is dead[86] to me, and I am dead to the world. <15> It doesn’t matter if anyone is circumcised or not. The only thing that matters is this new life we have from God.[87] <16> Peace and mercy to those who follow this rule—to all of God’s people.[88]
<17> So don’t give me any more trouble. I have scars on my body that show[89] I belong to Jesus.
<18> My brothers and sisters, I pray that the grace[90] of our Lord Jesus Christ will be with your spirits. Amen.[91]
[1] 1:1 apostle A follower of Jesus chosen to represent him in a special way. During his earthly ministry, Jesus named twelve men as apostles, to whom he gave the specific responsibility and authority to represent him and proclaim his message throughout the world. Later, he appeared to Paul and gave him a similar commission, especially to non-Jewish people. Barnabas, Paul’s missionary companion, and James, the brother of Jesus, are also called apostles, as well as several others in the New Testament. Some of these occurrences of the word, however, have the more general sense of “messenger” or “emissary.”
[2] 1:2 church Literally, “assembly” or “community,” the people who have been brought together as God’s family through their common faith in Jesus Christ. The word often refers to a group of believers who meet together or who live in the same area, but it is also used to mean the worldwide community of all believers in Christ.
[3] 1:2 Galatia Probably the area where Paul began churches on his first missionary trip. See Acts 13 and 14.
[4] 1:5 glory A word that refers to the special qualities of God. Often it means brightness, referring to the way he appears to people. Sometimes it means majesty or power, referring to a kind of greatness that cannot be compared to anything in human experience. It can also include the ideas of honor, fame or respect, especially in expressions of praise.
[5] 1:5 Amen A Hebrew word meaning “That’s right,” “True,” or “Yes.” It is used to express strong agreement with what has been said.
[6] 1:6 grace The love and kindness that God shows in his complete willingness to give people favors he does not owe them and blessings they don’t deserve.
[7] 1:6 Good News In the gospels this is usually the news about the coming of God’s kingdom (see above) or its representative Jesus Christ. In other places it is, more specifically, the news or message of God’s grace—that he has made a way through Jesus Christ for people to be made right with him and enjoy his blessings now and forever.
[8] 1:11 Good News In the gospels this is usually the news about the coming of God’s kingdom (see above) or its representative Jesus Christ. In other places it is, more specifically, the news or message of God’s grace—that he has made a way through Jesus Christ for people to be made right with him and enjoy his blessings now and forever.
[9] 1:13 persecute To hurt, cause trouble for, or do bad things to someone, especially because of their beliefs.
[10] 1:13 church Literally, “assembly” or “community,” the people who have been brought together as God’s family through their common faith in Jesus Christ. The word often refers to a group of believers who meet together or who live in the same area, but it is also used to mean the worldwide community of all believers in Christ.
[11] 1:14 ancestors Literally, “fathers,” meaning a person’s parents, grandparents, and all the other people that person is descended from. In the New Testament it usually refers to people who lived during Old Testament times.
[12] 1:15 grace The love and kindness that God shows in his complete willingness to give people favors he does not owe them and blessings they don’t deserve.
[13] 1:17 apostle A follower of Jesus chosen to represent him in a special way. During his earthly ministry, Jesus named twelve men as apostles, to whom he gave the specific responsibility and authority to represent him and proclaim his message throughout the world. Later, he appeared to Paul and gave him a similar commission, especially to non-Jewish people. Barnabas, Paul’s missionary companion, and James, the brother of Jesus, are also called apostles, as well as several others in the New Testament. Some of these occurrences of the word, however, have the more general sense of “messenger” or “emissary.”
[14] 1:18 Peter The text says “Cephas,” the Aramaic name for Peter, one of Jesus’ twelve apostles. Also in 2:7.
[15] 1:22 groups of believers Literally, “churches” or “assemblies.” See “church” in the Word List.
[16] 2:2 message See “Good News.”
[17] 2:3 Greek A non-Jewish person anywhere throughout the first century world who was influenced by Greek language and culture.
[18] 2:3 circumcise, circumcision Cutting off the foreskin of the male sex organ, which was done to every Jewish baby boy. It was a mark of the agreement God made with Abraham. Read Gen. 17:9-14.
[19] 2:5 Good News In the gospels this is usually the news about the coming of God’s kingdom (see above) or its representative Jesus Christ. In other places it is, more specifically, the news or message of God’s grace—that he has made a way through Jesus Christ for people to be made right with him and enjoy his blessings now and forever.
[20] 2:8 apostle A follower of Jesus chosen to represent him in a special way. During his earthly ministry, Jesus named twelve men as apostles, to whom he gave the specific responsibility and authority to represent him and proclaim his message throughout the world. Later, he appeared to Paul and gave him a similar commission, especially to non-Jewish people. Barnabas, Paul’s missionary companion, and James, the brother of Jesus, are also called apostles, as well as several others in the New Testament. Some of these occurrences of the word, however, have the more general sense of “messenger” or “emissary.”
[21] 2:12 circumcise, circumcision Cutting off the foreskin of the male sex organ, which was done to every Jewish baby boy. It was a mark of the agreement God made with Abraham. Read Gen. 17:9-14.
[22] 2:13 hypocrite A person with wrong motives who pretends to be good.
[23] 2:14 Good News In the gospels this is usually the news about the coming of God’s kingdom (see above) or its representative Jesus Christ. In other places it is, more specifically, the news or message of God’s grace—that he has made a way through Jesus Christ for people to be made right with him and enjoy his blessings now and forever.
[24] 2:16 law This usually refers to God’s law as it is represented in the Mosaic Law, the rules he gave to the Israelites through Moses (See Ex. 34:29-32). Sometimes it may mean the principle of law rather than a specific law or set of laws.
[25] 2:16 trusting in Or, “the faithfulness of.”
[26] 2:16 because we trusted in Or, “through the faithfulness of.”
[27] 2:20 faith in Or, “the faithfulness of.”
[28] 2:21 grace The love and kindness that God shows in his complete willingness to give people favors he does not owe them and blessings they don’t deserve.
[29] 3:2 Spirit See “Holy Spirit.”
[30] 3:2 law This usually refers to God’s law as it is represented in the Mosaic Law, the rules he gave to the Israelites through Moses (See Ex. 34:29-32). Sometimes it may mean the principle of law rather than a specific law or set of laws.
[31] 3:5 miracle An amazing act done by the power of God.
[32] 3:6 Scripture Part of the Scriptures or “Holy Writings”—the Old Testament.
[33] 3:6 Abraham The most respected ancestor of the Jewish people. Through him God promised to make a great nation and bless all the people of the earth. Read Gen. 12:1-3.
[34] 3:6 Quote from Gen. 15:6.
[35] 3:8 Good News In the gospels this is usually the news about the coming of God’s kingdom (see above) or its representative Jesus Christ. In other places it is, more specifically, the news or message of God’s grace—that he has made a way through Jesus Christ for people to be made right with him and enjoy his blessings now and forever.
[36] 3:8 Quote from Gen. 12:3.
[37] 3:10 Quote from Deut. 27:26.
[38] 3:11 Quote from Hab. 2:4.
[39] 3:12 the only way … commands See Lev. 18:5.
[40] 3:13 hung on a tree Deut. 21:22-23 says that when a person was killed for doing wrong, his body was hung on a tree to show shame. Paul means the cross of Jesus was like that.
[41] 3:13 Quote from Deut. 21:23.
[42] 3:16 Abraham The most respected ancestor of the Jewish people. Through him God promised to make a great nation and bless all the people of the earth. Read Gen. 12:1-3.
[43] 3:16 Descendant Literally, “seed,” which could also mean “family.” In that case, it would refer to the one family of God in Christ.
[44] 3:16 Scripture Part of the Scriptures or “Holy Writings”—the Old Testament.
[45] 3:17 law This usually refers to God’s law as it is represented in the Mosaic Law, the rules he gave to the Israelites through Moses (See Ex. 34:29-32). Sometimes it may mean the principle of law rather than a specific law or set of laws.
[46] 3:19 mediator A person who helps one person talk to or give something to another person.
[47] 3:20 But … God is one Literally, “But the mediator is not of one, but God is one.”
[48] 3:21 law This usually refers to God’s law as it is represented in the Mosaic Law, the rules he gave to the Israelites through Moses (See Ex. 34:29-32). Sometimes it may mean the principle of law rather than a specific law or set of laws.
[49] 3:22 Scripture Part of the Scriptures or “Holy Writings”—the Old Testament.
[50] 3:22 faith in Or, “the faithfulness of.”
[51] 3:26-27 baptize To perform the act of baptism. See “baptism.”
[52] 3:28 Greek A non-Jewish person anywhere throughout the first century world who was influenced by Greek language and culture.
[53] 3:29 Abraham The most respected ancestor of the Jewish people. Through him God promised to make a great nation and bless all the people of the earth. Read Gen. 12:1-3.
[54] 4:3 rules Or, “powers.” Also in verse 9.
[55] 4:6 Spirit See “Holy Spirit.”
[56] 4:6 Abba An Aramaic word that was used by Jewish children as a name for their fathers.
[57] 4:13 Good News In the gospels this is usually the news about the coming of God’s kingdom (see above) or its representative Jesus Christ. In other places it is, more specifically, the news or message of God’s grace—that he has made a way through Jesus Christ for people to be made right with him and enjoy his blessings now and forever.
[58] 4:17 Those people The false teachers who were bothering the believers in Galatia. See Gal. 1:7.
[59] 4:21 law This usually refers to God’s law as it is represented in the Mosaic Law, the rules he gave to the Israelites through Moses (See Ex. 34:29-32). Sometimes it may mean the principle of law rather than a specific law or set of laws.
[60] 4:22 Scripture Part of the Scriptures or “Holy Writings”—the Old Testament.
[61] 4:22 Abraham The most respected ancestor of the Jewish people. Through him God promised to make a great nation and bless all the people of the earth. Read Gen. 12:1-3.
[62] 4:24 Mount Sinai The mountain located somewhere on the Sinai Peninsula (the eastern part of modern-day Egypt) where God gave his laws to Moses and the Israelites. Also called Mount Horeb. See Ex. 19 and 20.
[63] 4:27 woman … alone This means her husband has left her.
[64] 4:29 Spirit See “Holy Spirit.”
[65] 4:30 Quote from Gen. 21:10.
[66] 5:2 circumcise, circumcision Cutting off the foreskin of the male sex organ, which was done to every Jewish baby boy. It was a mark of the agreement God made with Abraham. Read Gen. 17:9-14.
[67] 5:3 law This usually refers to God’s law as it is represented in the Mosaic Law, the rules he gave to the Israelites through Moses (See Ex. 34:29-32). Sometimes it may mean the principle of law rather than a specific law or set of laws.
[68] 5:4 grace The love and kindness that God shows in his complete willingness to give people favors he does not owe them and blessings they don’t deserve.
[69] 5:5 Spirit See “Holy Spirit.”
[70] 5:9 yeast The part of bread dough that makes it rise. Sometimes it is used as a symbol of bad influence.
[71] 5:9 “Just … rise” A proverb meaning that a small thing (like a little wrong teaching) can make a big problem or that just one person can have a bad influence on the whole group.
[72] 5:12 castration To cut off part of the male sex organs. Paul uses a word that means “to cut off” in place of “circumcision,” which means “to cut around,” to show how angry he is at the false teachers for forcing non-Jewish men to be circumcised.
[73] 5:14 your neighbor Or, “others.” Jesus’ teaching in Lk. 10:25-37 makes clear that this includes anyone in need.
[74] 5:14 Quote from Lev. 19:18.
[75] 5:16 Spirit See “Holy Spirit.”
[76] 5:18 law Here, a law system, like the law of Moses.
[77] 5:20 witchcraft Using magic or the power of Satan.
[78] 5:21 God’s kingdom The “reign” or “rule” of God over all humanity—a time of great blessing for those who submit to him by accepting Jesus as the Christ (appointed king), who represents God’s kingdom on earth, being the perfect example of submission to the will of God. When people give control of their lives to Jesus, they become a part of God’s kingdom and begin to enjoy the blessings he has promised his people from the beginning. (Note that in Matthew this term also translates the Greek phrase, “the kingdom of the heavens,” which was used by Jews as a way to avoid saying the divine name.)
[79] 6:1 Spirit See “Holy Spirit.”
[80] 6:7 harvest what you plant This means that life is like farming. Farmers get from their fields only what they plant.
[81] 6:8 Spirit See “Holy Spirit.”
[82] 6:12 circumcise, circumcision Cutting off the foreskin of the male sex organ, which was done to every Jewish baby boy. It was a mark of the agreement God made with Abraham. Read Gen. 17:9-14.
[83] 6:12 persecute To hurt, cause trouble for, or do bad things to someone, especially because of their beliefs.
[84] 6:12 cross Paul uses the cross as a picture of the Good News, the story of Christ’s death to pay for people’s sins. The cross (Christ’s death) was God’s way to save people. Also in verse 14.
[85] 6:13 law This usually refers to God’s law as it is represented in the Mosaic Law, the rules he gave to the Israelites through Moses (See Ex. 34:29-32). Sometimes it may mean the principle of law rather than a specific law or set of laws.
[86] 6:14 is dead Literally, “has been crucified.”
[87] 6:15 this new life … God Or, “being the new people God has made.”
[88] 6:16 all of God’s people Literally, “the Israel of God.”
[89] 6:17 scars … show Many times Paul was beaten by people who tried to stop him from teaching about Christ. The scars were from these beatings.
[90] 6:18 grace The love and kindness that God shows in his complete willingness to give people favors he does not owe them and blessings they don’t deserve.
[91] 6:18 Amen A Hebrew word meaning “That’s right,” “True,” or “Yes.” It is used to express strong agreement with what has been said.